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Le trou dans la couche d'ozone continue de se réduire en 2022

Posted By NASA, James Webb, Hubble Space Telescope News Maker on 26-10-2022 19:47:08
Le trou dans la couche d'ozone continue de se réduire en 2022

Description



Le trou d'ozone annuel de l'Antarctique a atteint une superficie moyenne de 8,9 millions de miles carrés (23,2 millions de kilomètres carrés) entre le 7 septembre et le 13 octobre 2022. Cette zone appauvrie de la couche d'ozone au-dessus du pôle Sud était légèrement plus petite que l'année dernière et généralement a poursuivi la tendance générale à la baisse de ces dernières années.

"Au fil du temps, des progrès constants sont réalisés et le trou se réduit", a déclaré Paul Newman, scientifique en chef pour les sciences de la Terre au Goddard Space Flight Center de la NASA à Greenbelt, Maryland. «Nous constatons des hésitations à mesure que les changements météorologiques et d'autres facteurs font légèrement varier les chiffres d'un jour à l'autre et d'une semaine à l'autre. Mais dans l'ensemble, nous le voyons diminuer au cours des deux dernières décennies. L'élimination des substances appauvrissant la couche d'ozone par le biais du Protocole de Montréal réduit le trou.

 

La couche d'ozone - la partie de la stratosphère qui protège notre planète des rayons ultraviolets du Soleil - s'amincit pour former un "trou d'ozone" au-dessus du pôle Sud chaque septembre. Des formes chimiquement actives de chlore et de brome dans l'atmosphère, dérivées de composés produits par l'homme, se fixent aux nuages ​​polaires de haute altitude chaque hiver austral. Le chlore et le brome réactifs déclenchent alors des réactions destructrices d'ozone lorsque le soleil se lève à la fin de l'hiver antarctique.

Des chercheurs de la NASA et de la NOAA détectent et mesurent la croissance et la rupture du trou d'ozone avec des instruments à bord des satellites Aura, Suomi NPP et NOAA-20. Le 5 octobre 2022, ces satellites ont observé un trou d'ozone maximum d'une journée de 10,2 millions de miles carrés (26,4 millions de kilomètres carrés), légèrement plus grand que l'année dernière.

 

Une vidéo explicative décrivant les principes fondamentaux de ce qui cause le trou dans la couche d'ozone, ses effets sur la planète et ce que les scientifiques prédisent se produira dans les décennies à venir.
Crédits : Centre de vol spatial Goddard de la NASA

 

Lorsque le soleil polaire se lève, les scientifiques de la NOAA effectuent également des mesures avec un spectrophotomètre Dobson, un instrument optique qui enregistre la quantité totale d'ozone entre la surface et le bord de l'espace - connue sous le nom de valeur totale de la colonne d'ozone. Globalement, la moyenne totale de la colonne est d'environ 300 unités Dobson. Le 3 octobre 2022, les scientifiques ont enregistré la plus faible valeur d'ozone totale de la colonne de 101 unités Dobson au-dessus du pôle Sud. À cette époque, l'ozone était presque totalement absent à des altitudes comprises entre 8 et 13 miles (14 et 21 kilomètres) - un schéma très similaire à l'année dernière.

Certains scientifiques étaient préoccupés par les impacts stratosphériques potentiels de l'éruption de janvier 2022 du volcan Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai. L'éruption du mont Pinatubo en 1991 a libéré des quantités substantielles de dioxyde de soufre qui ont amplifié l'appauvrissement de la couche d'ozone. Cependant, aucun impact direct de Hunga Tonga n'a été détecté dans les données stratosphériques de l'Antarctique.

 

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Tags: james webb, nasa, esa, mission artemis, lescope, lescope spatial hubble

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