La nouvelle image Webb capture la vue la plus claire des anneaux de Neptune depuis des décennies

Posted By NASA, James Webb, Hubble Space Telescope News Maker on 05-10-2022 21:47:14

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Le télescope spatial James Webb de la NASA montre ses capacités plus près de chez nous avec sa première image de Neptune. Non seulement Webb a capturé la vue la plus claire des anneaux de cette planète lointaine en plus de 30 ans, mais ses caméras révèlent le géant de glace sous un tout nouveau jour. Le plus frappant dans la nouvelle image de Webb est la vue nette des anneaux de la planète - dont certains n'ont pas été détectés depuis que Voyager 2 de la NASA est devenu le premier vaisseau spatial à observer Neptune lors de son survol en 1989. En plus de plusieurs anneaux lumineux et étroits, le Webb l'image montre clairement les bandes de poussière plus faibles de Neptune. "Cela fait trois décennies que nous n'avons pas vu ces anneaux faibles et poussiéreux, et c'est la première fois que nous les voyons dans l'infrarouge", note Heidi Hammel, experte du système Neptune et scientifique interdisciplinaire pour Webb. La qualité d'image extrêmement stable et précise de Webb permet de détecter ces anneaux très faibles si près de Neptune. Neptune fascine les chercheurs depuis sa découverte en 1846. Située 30 fois plus loin du Soleil que la Terre, Neptune orbite dans la région sombre et éloignée du système solaire externe. À cette distance extrême, le Soleil est si petit et faible que midi sur Neptune est semblable à un crépuscule sombre sur Terre. Cette planète est caractérisée comme une géante de glace en raison de la composition chimique de son intérieur. Comparée aux géantes gazeuses, Jupiter et Saturne, Neptune est beaucoup plus riche en éléments plus lourds que l'hydrogène et l'hélium. Cela est évident dans l'apparence bleue caractéristique de Neptune dans les images du télescope spatial Hubble aux longueurs d'onde visibles, causées par de petites quantités de méthane gazeux. La caméra proche infrarouge de Webb (NIRCam) image les objets dans la plage proche infrarouge de 0,6 à 5 microns, de sorte que Neptune n'apparaît pas en bleu pour Webb. En fait, le gaz méthane absorbe si fortement la lumière rouge et infrarouge que la planète est assez sombre à ces longueurs d'onde proches de l'infrarouge, sauf là où des nuages ​​de haute altitude sont présents. Ces nuages ​​de méthane et de glace sont proéminents sous forme de stries et de taches lumineuses, qui réfléchissent la lumière du soleil avant qu'elle ne soit absorbée par le gaz méthane. Des images d'autres observatoires, dont le télescope spatial Hubble et le W.M. Keck Observatory, ont enregistré ces fonctionnalités cloud en évolution rapide au fil des ans. Plus subtilement, une fine ligne de luminosité entourant l'équateur de la planète pourrait être une signature visuelle de la circulation atmosphérique mondiale qui alimente les vents et les tempêtes de Neptune. L'atmosphère descend et se réchauffe à l'équateur, et brille donc davantage aux longueurs d'onde infrarouges que les gaz environnants plus froids. L'orbite de 164 ans de Neptune signifie que son pôle nord, en haut de cette image, est juste hors de vue pour les astronomes, mais les images Webb suggèrent une luminosité intrigante dans cette zone. Un vortex précédemment connu au pôle sud est évident selon Webb, mais pour la première fois, Webb a révélé une bande continue de nuages ​​à haute latitude qui l'entoure. Webb a également capturé sept des 14 lunes connues de Neptune. Dominant ce portrait Webb de Neptune se trouve un point de lumière très brillant arborant les pics de diffraction emblématiques observés dans de nombreuses images de Webb, mais ce n'est pas une étoile. Il s'agit plutôt de la grande et inhabituelle lune de Neptune, Triton. Recouvert d'un éclat glacé d'azote condensé, Triton réfléchit en moyenne 70% de la lumière solaire qui le frappe. Il surpasse de loin Neptune sur cette image car l'atmosphère de la planète est assombrie par l'absorption de méthane à ces longueurs d'onde proches de l'infrarouge. Triton orbite autour de Neptune sur une orbite inhabituelle vers l'arrière (rétrograde), ce qui conduit les astronomes à supposer que cette lune était à l'origine un objet de la ceinture de Kuiper qui a été capturé gravitationnellement par Neptune. Des études Webb supplémentaires sur Triton et Neptune sont prévues dans l'année à venir. Le télescope spatial James Webb est le premier observatoire scientifique spatial au monde. Webb résoudra les mystères de notre système solaire, regardera au-delà des mondes lointains autour d'autres étoiles et sondera les structures et les origines mystérieuses de notre univers et notre place dans celui-ci. Webb est un programme international mené par la NASA avec ses partenaires, l'ESA (Agence spatiale européenne) et l'Agence spatiale canadienne.

 

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Tags: james webb, nasa, systme solaire, hubble

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