Hubble capture 3 visages d'une supernova en évolution dans l'univers primordial

Posted By NASA, James Webb, Hubble Space Telescope News Maker on 09-11-2022 20:22:01
Hubble capture 3 visages d'une supernova en évolution dans l'univers primordial

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Trois moments différents d'une explosion de supernova lointaine ont été capturés en un seul instantané par le télescope spatial Hubble de la NASA. L'étoile a explosé il y a plus de 11 milliards d'années, alors que l'univers avait moins d'un cinquième de son âge actuel de 13,8 milliards d'années.

Il s'agit du premier aperçu détaillé d'une supernova si tôt dans l'histoire de l'univers. La recherche pourrait aider les scientifiques à en savoir plus sur la formation des étoiles et des galaxies dans l'univers primitif. Les images de supernova sont également spéciales car elles montrent les premiers stades d'une explosion stellaire.

 

Trois moments différents d'une explosion de supernova lointaine ont été capturés en un seul instantané par le télescope spatial Hubble de la NASA. L'étoile a explosé il y a plus de 11 milliards d'années, alors que l'univers avait moins d'un cinquième de son âge actuel de 13,8 milliards d'années.

Grâce à un phénomène appelé lentille gravitationnelle, trois moments différents d'une explosion de supernova lointaine ont été capturés en un seul instantané par le télescope spatial Hubble de la NASA. La lumière de la supernova, située derrière l'amas de galaxies Abell 370, a été multipliée par l'immense gravité de l'amas.

 

"Il est assez rare qu'une supernova puisse être détectée à un stade très précoce, car ce stade est vraiment court", a expliqué Wenlei Chen, premier auteur de l'article et chercheur postdoctoral à l'École de physique et d'astronomie de l'Université du Minnesota. "Cela ne dure que quelques heures à quelques jours, et il peut facilement être manqué même pour une détection à proximité. Dans la même exposition, nous pouvons voir une séquence d'images, comme plusieurs visages d'une supernova.

Cela a été possible grâce à un phénomène appelé lentille gravitationnelle, qui a été prédit pour la première fois dans la théorie de la relativité générale d'Einstein. Dans ce cas, l'immense gravité de l'amas de galaxies Abell 370 a agi comme une lentille cosmique, courbant et grossissant la lumière de la supernova plus éloignée située derrière l'amas.

La déformation a également produit plusieurs images de l'explosion sur différentes périodes de temps qui sont toutes arrivées sur Terre en même temps et ont été capturées dans une image Hubble. Cela n'a été possible que parce que les images agrandies ont emprunté des itinéraires différents à travers l'amas en raison à la fois des différences de longueur des voies suivies par la lumière de la supernova et du ralentissement du temps et de la courbure de l'espace dus à la gravité.

L'exposition Hubble a également capturé le changement rapide de couleur de la supernova qui s'estompe, ce qui indique un changement de température. Plus la couleur est bleue, plus la supernova est chaude. La première phase capturée apparaît en bleu. Au fur et à mesure que la supernova refroidissait, sa lumière devenait plus rouge.

"Vous voyez différentes couleurs dans les trois images différentes", a déclaré Patrick Kelly, responsable de l'étude et professeur adjoint à l'école de physique et d'astronomie de l'Université du Minnesota. "Vous avez l'étoile massive, le noyau s'effondre, il produit un choc, il se réchauffe, puis vous le voyez refroidir pendant une semaine. Je pense que c'est probablement l'une des choses les plus incroyables que j'aie jamais vues !

C'est aussi la première fois que les astronomes ont pu mesurer la taille d'une étoile mourante dans l'univers primitif. Ceci était basé sur la luminosité et le taux de refroidissement de la supernova, qui dépendent tous deux de la taille de l'étoile progénitrice. Les observations de Hubble montrent que la supergéante rouge dont les chercheurs ont découvert l'explosion en supernova était environ 500 fois plus grande que le Soleil.

 

Grâce à une « astuce » de la gravité qui courbe la lumière, le télescope spatial Hubble a capturé trois moments différents de l'explosion d'une supernova très lointaine, le tout en un seul instantané !
Crédits : Centre de vol spatial Goddard de la NASA

 

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